arrogant

Arrogant is an adjective describing a person or their behavior as having an exaggerated sense of one’s own importance or abilities. It often implies disdain for others and a tendency to act as if one is superior, sometimes accompanied by condescending or dismissive attitudes.

Etymology: The word derives from French arrogant, from Latin arrogans, the present participle of arrogare, meaning “to claim for oneself.” The sense shifted in English from “claiming prerogatives” to “overbearing or disdainful” toward others.

Usage and nuance: Arrogance is typically used to criticize behavior perceived as overconfident or pompous. It is distinguished from legitimate confidence; arrogance suggests an inflated self-view and a lack of humility. In discourse, it can describe remarks, posture, or decision-making that presumes superiority or belittles others. Cultural norms influence how arrogance is judged, with some contexts prioritizing modesty and others rewarding bold self-assurance.

Psychology and social dynamics: Some analyses relate arrogant behavior to narcissistic traits or high social dominance orientation, and view it as a potential defense against insecurity. Arrogance can impair relationships and cooperation, provoke resistance, and undermine trust.

Synonyms and antonyms: Synonyms include haughty, presumptuous, conceited, overbearing, pompous, and vainglorious. Antonyms include humble, modest, self-effacing, and, when used carefully, confident in a non-arrogant sense.

See also: hubris, pride, narcissism, self-esteem, arrogance versus confidence.