Yamabushi

Yamabushi are Japanese ascetics who practice a syncretic religion known as Shugendo. This mountain-based tradition blends elements of Shinto, Buddhism, and Taoism, with a strong emphasis on ascetic practices and mountain worship. The term "Yamabushi" literally translates to "those who lie or sleep in mountains." They are often seen dressed in distinctive robes, typically black or dark blue, and wear a distinctive cap called a tokai or eboshi, and carry a staff called a conch.

The core of Yamabushi practice involves rigorous physical and spiritual training in remote mountain environments. This can include long pilgrimages, fasting, meditation, exposure to extreme weather conditions, and climbing steep mountains. These trials are intended to purify the body and mind, achieve spiritual enlightenment, and gain supernatural powers. Yamabushi are believed to possess healing abilities and are sometimes sought out for their spiritual guidance.

Shugendo originated in the 7th century, with figures like En no Gyōja often credited as its founder. The religion has had a significant influence on Japanese culture, art, and folklore. While the number of active Yamabushi has declined in modern times, the tradition continues to be practiced by dedicated adherents, often associated with specific mountain temples like Mount Haguro and Mount Mitake. Their practices are a unique aspect of Japan's religious landscape, deeply intertwined with the natural world.