ascetics

Ascetics are individuals who choose a life of rigorous self-discipline and abstention from ordinary pleasures to pursue spiritual, moral, or philosophical aims. Asceticism is the practice or principle of renunciation, often involving voluntary poverty, fasting, celibacy, and withdrawal from ordinary social life.

The term derives from Greek askēsis, meaning training or exercise, and has been used across religions and philosophies to denote disciplined self-control. In many traditions, ascetics adopt a simple lifestyle and engage in intensive meditation, study, or prayer, sometimes within formal communities such as monasteries or hermitages, and sometimes as itinerant renunciants.

In Hinduism, renunciants such as sannyasis or monks embrace a life of detachment and austerity as a path to liberation (moksha). Jainism prescribes strict ascetic vows for monks and nuns, including nonviolence and fasting. In Buddhism, monastic communities follow detailed codes of discipline, and some adherents engage in renunciatory practices as part of the spiritual path, though the broader tradition emphasizes the Middle Way. In Christianity, desert hermits and later monastic orders advanced fasting, poverty, and chastity as means of contemplative growth. In Islam, some Sufi traditions employ ascetic ideals (zuhd)—detachment from wealth and worldliness—as part of devotional life, though mainstream practice centers on living according to Islamic law.

In modern contexts, ascetic practices may appear as voluntary simplicity or minimalism, and scholars discuss their cultural, ethical, and psychological dimensions. Across traditions, ascetics are studied for their role in shaping concepts of self-control, devotion, and the relationship between renunciation and spiritual or ethical aims.