Venetromboser

Venetromboser are disorders characterized by the formation of a blood clot within a vein. They include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), most often in the legs, and superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) in more superficial veins. A clot can obstruct venous drainage and, if it travels, may cause a pulmonary embolism, a potentially life-threatening complication.

Risk factors and causes are commonly described by the Virchow triad: venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability. Common risk factors include recent surgery or trauma, prolonged immobilization, cancer, pregnancy, use of estrogen-containing contraceptives or hormone therapy, obesity, and tobacco use. Inherited or acquired thrombophilias can also increase the likelihood of venous thrombosis.

Symptoms vary by location. DVT often presents with unilateral leg swelling, pain or tenderness, warmth, and sometimes redness. SVT typically shows tenderness, redness, and a firm cord along a superficial vein. Many cases are diagnosed with imaging rather than symptoms alone.

Diagnosis generally starts with duplex ultrasonography, which assesses blood flow and vein structure. D-dimer testing can help rule out DVT in selected low-risk patients. When there is suspicion of pulmonary embolism, further imaging such as CT pulmonary angiography may be indicated.

Treatment focuses on anticoagulation to prevent clot extension and recurrence. Direct oral anticoagulants or vitamin K antagonists are commonly used, with duration typically at least three months for provoked events and longer for unprovoked or cancer-associated cases. SVT may be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, compression, and local care; anticoagulation is considered for high-risk proximal SVT.

Prevention centers on risk factor modification, mobilization after surgery, and appropriate use of prophylactic measures in high-risk situations.