VTuber

VTuber, short for virtual YouTuber, refers to a content creator who uses a digitally animated avatar—often anime-inspired—to perform in real time during live streams or pre-recorded videos. The avatar is typically controlled by the creator's facial expressions, voice, and movements, captured with motion tracking hardware or software, and rendered on screen alongside the creator's voice. Most VTubers upload or stream on platforms such as YouTube, Twitch, or Bilibili, and the avatars may be 2D (frequently using Live2D) or 3D models.

Originating in Japan in the mid-2010s, the VTuber phenomenon gained prominence with early broadcasters and the widely recognized figure Kizuna AI. The term VTuber describes this format, and the movement expanded internationally through talent agencies such as Hololive Production and Nijisanji, as well as independent creators and Western groups like VShojo. Content typically centers on live gaming, music performances, talk segments, and collaborative streams with other creators.

Technology and production workflows combine facial motion capture, avatar rigging, and real-time rendering. Creators may use webcams, infrared sensors, or smartphone face tracking, and 2D avatars rely on Live2D while 3D avatars are built in programs such as Unity or Unreal Engine. A typical workflow includes character design, voice work, scripting, and audience interaction during streams; many VTubers work with agencies that provide branding, scheduling, and collaboration opportunities, though many operate independently.

Monetization comes from advertising revenue, fan memberships, super chats or tips, sponsorships, and merchandise. VTubing has influenced online entertainment by enabling character-driven content with international appeal, while also drawing attention to questions around labor, creator health, and online identity management.