smartphone

A smartphone is a mobile telephone that also functions as a compact computer. It integrates a touchscreen interface, a mobile operating system, cellular connectivity, Wi-Fi, GPS, and multiple sensors into a pocketable device. Modern smartphones include a multi-core processor, several gigabytes of memory, substantial storage, and high-quality cameras, enabling voice calls, messaging, web access, photography, location services, and access to a wide range of apps.

The concept arose in the late 1990s; early devices combined phone features with personal organizers. The IBM Simon (1992) is sometimes cited as a precursor. The iPhone, released in 2007, popularized capacitive touchscreens and a large app ecosystem, while Android (launched 2008) provided a flexible platform adopted by many manufacturers. Since then, networks evolved from 3G to 4G and now 5G, expanding mobile capabilities.

Hardware typically comprises a system on a chip, memory, storage, a battery, and radios for cellular, Wi‑Fi, Bluetooth, and GNSS. Displays are usually LCD or OLED touchscreens. Cameras employ multiple sensors and computational photography features. Sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and ambient light sensors enable various interactions and power management.

Software is centered on mobile operating systems, chiefly iOS and Android, each with app ecosystems and regular updates. Apps are installed from official stores; developers build across platforms using software frameworks. Security includes sandboxing, biometric authentication, encryption, and periodic updates, though devices remain subject to privacy and vulnerability concerns.

Impact: Smartphones shape communication, information access, commerce, and culture. They contribute to privacy and security challenges and electronic waste. Access disparities persist, affecting digital inclusion. Ongoing trends include AI-enabled features, foldable designs, higher-resolution cameras, and deeper integration with cloud services.