5G

5G is the fifth generation of mobile network technology. It aims for much higher data rates, lower latency, and greater capacity than 4G, enabling new consumer and industrial applications. The technology is standardized by the 3GPP through successive releases.

5G uses multiple spectrum bands, including sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave (mmWave). Sub-6 offers broader coverage with solid speeds; mmWave delivers very high throughput over short distances. Key techniques include massive MIMO, beamforming, wider carrier aggregation, and a software-defined 5G Core.

Architecturally, 5G introduces a flexible core network and cloud- or edge-native designs. Network slicing enables multiple virtual networks on shared infrastructure. Standardization proceeds in 3GPP releases, with ongoing enhancements enabling new features and capabilities.

5G supports three main use-case areas: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) for fast downloads and video; ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) for real-time control and mission-critical applications; and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) for large-scale Internet of Things deployments. Deployments emphasize dense urban coverage and selective rural rollout, with standalone 5G networks increasingly deployed alongside non-standalone configurations that rely on existing 4G infrastructure.

Adoption varies globally due to spectrum availability, infrastructure costs, and regulatory decisions. Real-world performance depends on network design, spectrum, and device support. Ongoing research continues to address energy efficiency, security, and interoperability among vendors and operators.