broadband

Broadband refers to high-speed internet access that is always on and capable of transmitting data more rapidly than traditional dial-up connections. The term describes a range of technologies and network architectures that provide greater bandwidth and lower latency, enabling multimedia and interactive services. Definitions of broadband vary by country and regulator, but most agree that it represents a step up from narrowband or dial-up connections.

Common broadband technologies include digital subscriber line (DSL) over telephone copper lines, cable modem connections on hybrid fiber-coax networks, fiber-optic connections (FTTP or FTTH), fixed wireless services, and satellite links. In many regions, fiber to the home or premises offers the highest speeds, while DSL and cable sit at mid-range speeds. Wireless broadband, including 4G and 5G cellular technologies, provides mobility and rapid deployment in underserved areas. Some networks impose data caps or throttling, and latency varies by technology and network congestion.

Broadband supports a range of activities such as web browsing, streaming video and music, online gaming, cloud applications, and video conferencing. It is widely considered essential for households, schools, and businesses, influencing digital inclusion and economic development. Availability and affordability remain uneven within and between countries.

Measurement of broadband speed is typically expressed in megabits per second (Mbps), or gigabits per second (Gbps) for higher-end services. Regulatory definitions often set minimum speed benchmarks—commonly around 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream in some jurisdictions—but these thresholds differ by region and evolve with technology and demand.