Smartphones

A smartphone is a mobile device that combines telephone capabilities with computing functions. It provides voice and data communication, internet access, and a platform for software applications. Core features include a touchscreen, cellular and Wi‑Fi connectivity, cameras, GPS, sensors, and biometric authentication. Smartphones run operating systems with app ecosystems, enabling tasks such as messaging, navigation, media streaming, productivity, and gaming.

History: The concept emerged in the 1990s with devices like IBM Simon, but modern smartphones took shape after the 2007 iPhone introduced capacitive touchscreens and an app ecosystem. Android followed in 2008, expanding the market. Since then, devices have improved in processing power, cameras, sensors, and network speed, while software platforms evolved to support extensive third‑party apps.

Hardware and software: Typical smartphones use a system‑on‑chip processor, RAM, and flash storage, with high‑resolution displays and multiple cameras. The main operating systems are iOS and Android, each with its own app store and development tools. Updates affect performance, security, and functionality, though rollout can vary by device and carrier.

Impact and trends: Smartphones enable mobile communication, computing, and access to services anywhere. They influence work, education, commerce, and media consumption, while raising concerns about privacy, security, and environmental impact. Industry trends include 5G, AI features, advanced cameras, and new form factors such as foldables, alongside discussions about repairability and e‑waste.