Tephritider

Tephritider, or Tephritidae, is a large family of flies in the order Diptera. They are commonly referred to as fruit flies, but they are distinct from the Drosophilidae, another group that shares the common name. The family comprises thousands of described species in numerous genera and has a worldwide distribution, with many species especially prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions.

Morphology and identification in tephritids often feature small to medium body size and conspicuously patterned wings, which can include bands, spots, or complex designs. Adults are typically active on flowers, where they feed on nectar and seek mates and oviposition sites. The overall appearance and wing markings are important for species identification, which is challenging due to the group’s diversity.

Biology and life cycle: Tephritid flies undergo complete metamorphosis. Females lay eggs in plant tissue, commonly in fruits, stems, or seeds. The hatched larvae develop inside the plant material, feeding on it before pupating in the soil. Development time varies with species and environmental conditions. Many tephritids have close associations with specific host plants, a factor that influences both their ecology and management.

Ecology and economic importance: Tephritids include many agricultural pests that infest fruit crops, causing direct damage and economic losses. Notable pest species include Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly), Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly), Anastrepha ludens (Mexican fruit fly), and Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot). Management often relies on quarantine measures, monitoring with traps, targeted insecticides, and the sterile insect technique. Some tephritids are used in classical biological control of invasive plants through gall-forming species such as Urophora, which attack thistles.

Taxonomy: The family is divided into subfamilies such as Tephritinae and Dacinae and contains a vast number of genera. Ongoing research addresses taxonomy, host associations, and integrated pest management strategies.