Smallholder

Smallholder refers to a farmer or producer who cultivates a relatively small plot of land and relies on farming for a substantial portion of their livelihood. Smallholders are common in rural areas of many developing countries and are often family-run, with household labor central to production.

The size of a smallholding varies by country, but it is frequently defined as less than two hectares (about five acres). Parcels are often fragmented and land tenure can be uncertain, affecting investment and risk.

Smallholders contribute significantly to local and regional food systems. They produce a large share of staple crops, fruits, and vegetables and typically sell to local markets, cooperatives, or traders in addition to using part of the harvest for household consumption. They are especially important for food security in parts of Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America.

Common characteristics include limited access to credit, inputs, extension services, water for irrigation, storage, and formal markets. Their livelihoods are highly exposed to price volatility, extreme weather, pests, and land rights uncertainties. Gender dynamics can influence land tenure, labor allocation, and decision-making.

Development approaches aim to improve productivity and resilience while supporting sustainability. Strategies include better access to credit and inputs, extension and training, irrigation and risk management, secure land rights, and support for farmer organizations and value chains.

In policy and discourse, the term highlights scale and practice, acknowledging smallholders as key contributors to rural employment and food production.