Smallholders

Smallholders are farmers who cultivate relatively small plots of land, typically managed by a single family and relying primarily on family labor. The definition of “small” varies by country and commodity, with land holdings ranging from under one hectare in some contexts to several hectares in others. Smallholders often produce a mix of crops for household consumption and for sale in local markets, and may keep livestock as part of a diversified livelihood strategy.

Globally, smallholders represent a substantial share of agricultural producers, especially in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. They contribute to food security, preserve crop diversity, and support rural employment. Their farms frequently employ diversified production systems, including mixed crops, agroforestry, and livestock, and they often participate in value chains for fresh produce, spices, coffee, cocoa, or grains.

Challenges facing smallholders include land tenure insecurity, limited access to credit and inputs, high transaction costs, price volatility, climate risk, and sometimes insufficient extension services. They may also encounter barriers to market information and bargaining power in value chains, which can affect incomes and resilience.

Policy and development contexts emphasize secure land rights, access to credit and insurance, extension services and farmer education, improved input and technology access, and strengthened market linkages. Support for producer organizations, sustainable farming practices, climate adaptation, and inclusive approaches that involve women and youth are commonly highlighted to enhance productivity and resilience.

Overall, smallholders play a central role in many national food systems and rural economies, balancing subsistence needs with market-oriented production within diverse agricultural landscapes.