cooperatives

A cooperative, or co-op, is a member-owned and member-controlled enterprise that aims to meet the economic, social, and cultural needs of its members through democratic governance and mutual aid.

Common types include consumer cooperatives (owned by customers), worker cooperatives (owned by employees), producer cooperatives (owned by independent producers), agricultural cooperatives, housing cooperatives, and credit unions. Service co-ops also operate in various sectors.

Cooperatives follow a set of international principles: voluntary and open membership; democratic member control; economic participation by members; autonomy and independence; education and information; cooperation among cooperatives; and concern for the community. In most co-ops, one member-one vote governs decisions.

The modern cooperative movement has its roots in 19th-century Rochdale, England, with the Rochdale Principles formalized by the International Co-operative Alliance in 1895. Co-ops operate worldwide across sectors and can contribute to price stability, access to goods and services, and local economic development, while facing capital and governance challenges.

Cooperatives are structured as member-owned entities, with boards elected by members and annual meetings for major decisions. They emphasize inclusivity, education, and community orientation, balancing member needs with sustainable practices.