Mountainbiking

Mountainbiking is the sport and recreation of riding bicycles off-road, across varied terrains such as dirt trails, singletrack, rock gardens, and alpine routes. It emphasizes technical handling, fitness, and enjoyment of natural landscapes, and it encompasses both competitive riding and casual exploration.

Origins trace to the 1970s and 1980s in California, where riders modified heavy bikes for steep descents. Purpose-built mountain bikes emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, with lighter frames and fore-and-aft suspension. Mountain biking became an Olympic sport in 1996.

Most riders use dedicated mountain bikes with suspension, disc brakes, and wider tires. Hardtails have front suspension only; full-suspension models absorb rough terrain. Wheel sizes vary (26, 27.5, 29 inches). Common components include hydraulic discs, tubeless tires, and robust drivetrains. Protective gear is standard.

Major disciplines include cross-country (XC), downhill (DH), enduro, trail riding, freeride, and park riding. XC emphasizes climbing and efficient fast riding on varied terrain; DH focuses on steep, technical descents; enduro combines timed downhill stages with longer liaison sections.

Riders emphasize safety, line choice, braking technique, and body position. Trail etiquette includes yielding rules, staying on designated routes, and wearing helmets and pads. Environmental stewardship involves minimizing erosion, packing out trash, and protecting wildlife on sensitive ecosystems.

Maintenance basics include cleaning after rides, checking brakes and suspension, and lubricating the chain. Training typically combines endurance, strength, and skills work. Mountain biking clubs, parks, and associations provide trail maps, safety guidelines, and advocacy for access and sustainable trails.