Malnutrice

Malnutrice is a term occasionally used to describe a condition of inadequate nutrition. In standard medical usage, the term most commonly employed is malnutrition, and malnutrice may be a nonstandard or translated variant. When used, it generally refers to the same spectrum of problems caused by insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients, impaired absorption, or increased nutritional requirements.

Malnutrition encompasses protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Protein-energy malnutrition includes conditions such as marasmus and kwashiorkor, often seen in children, the elderly, or people with chronic illness. Micronutrient deficiencies involve insufficient levels of vitamins and minerals such as iron, vitamin A, iodine, zinc, and folate, which can impair growth, immunity, cognition, and overall health.

Causes and risk factors are multifactorial. They include food insecurity, poverty, inadequate breastfeeding or weaning practices, gastrointestinal diseases that impede absorption, chronic infections, metabolic or hormonal disorders, and disruptions due to emergencies or displacement. Vulnerable populations include young children, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses.

Symptoms and signs depend on the underlying deficiency. General indicators include weight loss, reduced muscle mass, fatigue, edema, slowed growth in children, and impaired wound healing. Laboratory assessments may show low body mass index, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, or specific micronutrient deficits. Diagnosis combines clinical evaluation with anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests.

Management focuses on restoring adequate nutrition while treating underlying conditions. This may involve careful refeeding strategies to avoid refeeding syndrome, dietary supplementation, and targeted micronutrient therapy. Addressing infections, improving sanitation, and supporting food security are essential for prevention. Public health efforts target early detection, nutrition programs, and education to reduce the burden of malnutrition worldwide.