Lions

Lions (Panthera leo) are large carnivores of the family Felidae. They inhabit sub-Saharan Africa and a historic range that extended into parts of Asia, including the Indian subcontinent. Unlike other big cats, lions are highly social and live in groups called prides.

Adult males typically weigh 150 to 250 kilograms, with females weighing 110 to 170 kilograms. Males have a distinctive mane, which ranges in color from blond to black and may signal fitness to rivals and mates. Coat color is generally tawny and uniform.

Today, African lions are found in protected areas and some rural landscapes across sub-Saharan Africa, while the Asiatic or Indian lion survives in a single population in the Gir Forest of Gujarat, India. Lions prefer open woodlands, savannas, and grasslands that provide good visibility for hunting and some cover for stalking prey.

Within a pride, females (lionesses) share hunting and cub-rearing duties. They typically hunt cooperatively, targeting ungulates such as antelopes and zebras. Males defend territory and pride members, especially cubs, from rival males and predators. Cubs are raised by females and may stay with the pride for two to three years.

Reproduction occurs year-round in some populations, with litters of one to six cubs. Cubs are vulnerable in the first months and rely on maternal care; they may disperse when they reach adolescence.

Conservation status: The lion is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Populations have declined due to habitat loss and fragmentation, decline of prey, human-wildlife conflict, and disease. Protected areas, anti-poaching efforts, and management of prides and corridors are important for maintaining remaining populations.