Leadscrewdriven

Leadscrew-driven systems use a lead screw to convert rotary motion into linear motion. A lead screw is a threaded shaft and a corresponding nut that travels along the threads as the screw turns. The linear travel per revolution, known as the pitch, is determined by the screw design; single-start screws have a single thread and larger multi-start designs can increase advance per turn.

Key characteristics include simple construction, low cost, and the ability to hold position without power due to friction between the screw and nut. Lead screws are often self-locking at small lead angles, which helps maintain position when power is removed. However, this friction also reduces efficiency and increases wear, making lubrication and material choice important. Common configurations use steel screws with bronze or steel nuts, and performance can be affected by temperature, contamination, and alignment.

Compared with ball screws, lead screws generally offer lower efficiency, lower load capacity, and higher friction, but they are cheaper, easier to manufacture, and sufficient for many applications where extreme precision or high-speed travel are not required. Ball screws reduce friction and provide higher stiffness and accuracy but add cost and complexity.

Applications span manual and motorized linear actuators, positioning stages, 3D printers, CNC machine slides, and general automation where straightforward, economical linear motion is desired. Design considerations include backlash management, lubrication, material wear, and ensuring compatible load and speed ranges for reliable operation.