Koordinatat

Koordinatat are numerical values that specify the position of a point within a space by referencing a coordinate system. They provide a precise description of where a point lies and enable calculations of distance, direction, and overlap. Different fields use different coordinate systems and reference frames, chosen to suit the geometry of the problem or the available measurement tools. The concept dates back to coordinate geometry, a synthesis of algebra and geometry.

Common systems include Cartesian coordinates, where a point is given by (x, y) in a plane or (x, y, z) in space. Polar coordinates describe a point by a radius and angle (r, θ). Cylindrical coordinates extend polar coordinates by adding a height z, while spherical coordinates use (ρ, φ, θ) to specify distance from the origin and two angles. Conversions between systems follow standard formulas, such as x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ in the plane.

Geographic coordinates specify location on the Earth using latitude and longitude, often with altitude. These coordinates reference a geodetic datum and an ellipsoid, for example WGS84. They can be expressed in degrees or in degree-minute-second formats, and may include time or velocity information in certain applications. Global positioning systems and digital maps rely on such coordinates for accuracy and interoperability.

Applications include navigation, surveying, computer graphics, CAD, and robotics. Coordinates define positions and enable transformations between reference frames, projections, and display spaces. The accuracy of a coordinate representation depends on the measurement methods and the chosen datum; different datums or map projections can lead to systematic differences in reported positions.