Gelada

Gelada, Theropithecus gelada, is a primate in the family Cercopithecidae native to the Ethiopian highlands. It is commonly called the gelada baboon or bleeding-heart monkey for the bright red chest patch visible on adults, especially males.

Geladas are endemic to the Ethiopian plateau, where they inhabit montane grasslands and scrub at elevations roughly 2,500 to 4,500 meters. They move across open plains and rocky hillsides and roost on cliff ledges at night, using the terrain to their advantage for foraging and protection.

Physically, geladas are medium-sized primates with a brown-gray coat. Adult males are larger and typically have a dark mane and a prominent beard. The characteristic heart-shaped red patch on the chest is most vivid in breeding individuals and visible in many females as well, serving in social and mating displays. They have relatively short tails and powerful limbs suited to traversing rugged, grassy landscapes.

Dietarily, geladas are specialized grass eaters. They consume large quantities of grasses and grass shoots, supplementing with leaves, seeds, and occasional fruits. Their digestive system and dentition are adapted for fibrous vegetation, making them one of the few primate species with a primarily grazer lifestyle.

Socially, geladas lead a multilevel social structure. Small units called harems—one adult male with several females and their offspring—combine into larger bands that can include hundreds of individuals. Female lineages are typically matrilineal, while bachelor males form separate groups and may attempt to ascend to breeding status. The species relies on grooming and vocal communication to maintain bonds and hierarchy.

Conservation pressures include habitat loss from agriculture and human settlement, drought, and land-use changes. Protected areas in Ethiopia support many populations, but ongoing threats require monitoring.