Compost

Compost is the product of the controlled decomposition of organic matter, such as kitchen scraps and yard debris, into a stable, soil-amending material. It is applied to gardens, landscapes, and agricultural soils to add organic matter and nutrients, improve structure, and enhance moisture retention.

Compostable materials are generally categorized as green (nitrogen-rich) and brown (carbon-rich). Green materials include fruit and vegetable scraps, coffee grounds, and fresh grass clippings; brown materials include dried leaves, straw, branches, and paper. A typical mix aims for a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio around 25-30:1. The process requires air, moisture, and microbial activity.

Decomposition proceeds through aerobic microbial action, often with thermophilic temperatures that help kill seeds and pathogens. The material gradually heats, then cools as it matures over weeks to months. Turning or mixing increases aeration and speeds the process. Different methods exist, including open piles, bin systems, tumblers, and vermicomposting with earthworms.

Finished compost is dark, crumbly, and fragrant; it should have an earthy odor and be free of recognizable residues. Once cured, it can be worked into soil, used as a mulch, or blended into potting mixes. Benefits include reduced household waste, improved soil structure and fertility, enhanced water retention, and decreased need for synthetic fertilizers.

Common considerations include avoiding meat, dairy, fats, and diseased plant material, which can attract pests or cause odors; keep the pile moist but not soggy; and monitor for odors that indicate anaerobic conditions. Composting also supports sustainable waste management by diverting organic waste from landfills.