CADmodeling

CAD modeling refers to the creation of digital representations of physical objects using computer-aided design software. It enables engineers and designers to produce precise 2D drawings and detailed 3D models that can be analyzed, manufactured, and documented. CAD models serve as the primary source of geometric data throughout the product lifecycle.

Modern CAD systems commonly use parametric modeling, in which geometry is controlled by parameters, dimensions, and feature relationships. This allows changes to propagate automatically through the model. Direct modeling, by contrast, emphasizes direct manipulation of geometry without heavy reliance on a parametric history, and many tools support a hybrid approach.

A typical CAD workflow includes sketching, creating features (such as extrusions, revolves, or lofts), applying constraints and dimensions, and assembling parts into larger assemblies. Models can be tested with simulations, analyzed for tolerances, and used to generate manufacturing documents and BOMs. Interoperability standards facilitate data exchange across different software and suppliers.

Applications span mechanical design, aerospace, automotive, consumer electronics, architecture, and product design. Data standards such as STEP (ISO 10303) and IGES enable interoperability, while geometric modeling kernels such as Parasolid and ACIS provide core geometric modeling functionality in many CAD systems. The choice of software and workflow influences accuracy, revision control, and collaboration.

Limitations include a learning curve, computational demands, and potential for geometry errors if constraints are not properly managed. Benefits include faster iteration, improved accuracy, and better collaboration across disciplines.