Artróza

Artróza, also known as osteoarthritis, is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the gradual loss of articular cartilage and remodeling of the adjacent bone.

It is the most common form of arthritis, especially in older adults. Risk factors include aging, obesity, prior joint injuries, repetitive use, genetics, and mechanical stresses.

The disease involves cartilage deterioration, subchondral bone changes, osteophyte (bone spur) formation, and mild synovial inflammation. These changes lead to joint pain, stiffness, reduced movement, and, in advanced cases, functional limitation.

Symptoms typically include activity-related joint pain, brief morning stiffness, crepitus or grinding, and reduced range of motion. Swelling is possible, particularly after overuse.

Diagnosis is clinical and supported by imaging. X-rays commonly show joint-space narrowing, osteophytes, and subchondral sclerosis. MRI may reveal early cartilage loss. Blood tests help exclude inflammatory or autoimmune arthritis.

Management combines non-drug and drug strategies, and surgery for severe cases. Non-pharmacologic approaches include weight loss, exercise, physical therapy, and assistive devices. Medications include acetaminophen, NSAIDs (oral or topical), and intra-articular steroids.

In advanced disease, joint replacement (arthroplasty) can restore function and relieve pain. OA is chronic with variable progression; though not curable, symptoms can be controlled with treatment and activity modification.

Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, protecting joints from injury, and early management of joint pain.