Swelling

Swelling, or edema, is the accumulation of excess fluid in the body's tissues, causing enlargement or puffiness. It can arise from fluid leaking out of blood vessels, impaired lymphatic drainage, inflammation, or a combination of these processes. Swelling may occur in any part of the body but is most noticeable in the feet, ankles, legs, hands, or face.

Common causes include injuries such as sprains, infections, heart failure, kidney or liver disease, pregnancy, venous insufficiency, and certain medications. Lymphedema results from blocked lymph vessels. Some swelling is temporary and harmless, for example after prolonged standing or a salty meal; other cases reflect underlying illnesses that require treatment.

Types and signs: Edema can be pitting, where pressing leaves an indentation, or non-pitting. Dependent edema appears in gravity-dependent areas. Other forms include pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, and localized swelling due to inflammation. The skin may feel tight or stretched, and movement or activity might be affected.

Diagnosis is based on a physical exam and medical history, with attention to the swelling pattern and any accompanying symptoms. Additional tests such as imaging or blood tests may be used to identify heart, kidney, or liver problems or to assess lymphatic function.

Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and may involve rest, elevation of the affected limb, compression garments, and, in some conditions, diuretics or other medications. Managing chronic conditions and lifestyle factors, including reducing salt intake and maintaining a healthy weight, can help prevent recurrent swelling.

When to seek care: seek prompt evaluation for sudden swelling of one limb, swelling with warmth or redness, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, or swelling that rapidly worsens, as these may signal serious conditions.