Areata

Areata is a Latin-derived medical term used to describe patchy or localized involvement of a disease. In dermatology, it is most commonly encountered in alopecia areata, an autoimmune condition that causes non-scarring hair loss in one or more discrete patches.

Clinically, alopecia areata typically presents with sudden, well-demarcated patches of hair loss on the scalp, though other areas such as the eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, or other body regions can be affected. Some patches may have broken hairs or “exclamation mark” hairs at their margins. Nail changes, including pitting, can accompany skin involvement. The course is variable, with periods of hair regrowth and new patches arising over time.

The underlying cause is autoimmune in nature, involving a T-cell–mediated attack on hair follicles in the anagen (growth) phase. There is a genetic predisposition, and certain environmental triggers may contribute, but no single cause has been established. The condition is not caused by infection or hygiene.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by history and examination. Dermoscopy can aid evaluation, revealing features such as yellow dots and broken or dystrophic hairs. A biopsy is rarely required but may show a peribulbar lymphocytic infiltrate. Laboratory testing is generally limited to ruling out other causes of hair loss.

Management aims to promote regrowth and minimize relapse. Treatment choices include topical corticosteroids, intralesional corticosteroids, topical and systemic therapies, and, in selected cases, topical immunotherapy. Prognosis varies; single patches in the scalp have a better outlook, while extensive disease or multiple recurrences can be more challenging. Relapse is common over time.