Relapse

Relapse is the recurrence of symptoms or disease after a period of improvement or remission. It is encountered across medical and behavioral health contexts, including addiction, mental illness, and chronic illnesses. Relapse is not inherently a failure but a signal that current treatment or supports may need adjustment and re-engagement with care.

In substance use disorders, relapse refers to returning to drug or alcohol use after a period of abstinence or reduced use. In mental health, it can denote the return of a previously controlled mood, anxiety, or psychotic symptoms. In chronic diseases, relapse or recurrence may involve renewed activity of the underlying condition, such as inflammation or tumor growth.

Relapse is influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Triggers such as stress, exposure to cues, shifts in routine, or withdrawal symptoms can contribute. Inadequate treatment intensity, poor adherence, and limited social support also increase risk.

Prevention and management emphasize ongoing care and rapid re-engagement after relapse. Approaches include pharmacotherapy if appropriate, psychotherapy (for example, cognitive-behavioral therapy or contingency management), and motivational support. Harm-reduction strategies and personalized relapse-prevention plans are commonly used to reduce harm and improve long-term outcomes.

Prognosis varies by condition and individual circumstances. Relapse can be a normal part of the course for many chronic conditions; repeated relapses may prompt revisions to treatment plans, including different medications, therapies, or care settings. Clear definitions and early identification help guide timely responses.