þjóðbúningur

Þjóðbúningur, literally “national costume” in Icelandic, refers to a family of traditional, regionally distinct dress that is used to represent Icelandic cultural heritage. Unlike a single uniform, it encompasses multiple regional costumes dating from historical Icelandic everyday attire, reconstructed to reflect patterns, fabrics, and ornamentation once common in Iceland.

The modern revival of the þjóðbúningur began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as part of national romanticism and cultural nationalism. Local communities studied historical garments, preserved textiles, and developed patterns and motifs for teaching and ceremonial use. Today there is no single Icelandic standard; regional variations from the north, east, south, and west are all considered valid forms of the national costume.

An outfit for women typically includes a blouse or bodice, a long skirt, an overdress or jacket, an apron, a shawl or cape, and a head covering or bonnet, with regional embroidery and metal or silver clasps around the waist. Men’s outfits often comprise a shirt, waistcoat, jacket or coat, knee-length or full-length trousers, stockings, and a hat or cap; belts and metal buckles or ornaments may be used. Materials are usually wool or wool blends, with linen for shirts and decorative elements; colors and motifs vary by region.

Þjóðbúningur is worn on ceremonial occasions, cultural festivals, and the Icelandic National Day on June 17. It is also used in schools and museums for teaching folk culture and as a symbol of national identity. Preservation and documentation are supported by cultural institutions, craftspeople, and pattern resources, ensuring continued revival and adaptation for contemporary use.