úlcera

An úlcera, or ulcer, is a lesion characterized by a persistent loss of tissue that forms a break or crater in the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. Ulcers can occur in various parts of the body and may be acute or chronic, depending on the duration and healing response.

Ulcers are commonly classified by location. Digestive tract ulcers include gastric and duodenal ulcers in the stomach and upper small intestine. Skin ulcers arise from conditions such as venous insufficiency, arterial disease, neuropathy, pressure, or infection. Ulcers may also affect mucosal surfaces, such as in the mouth or genital areas.

Causes and risk factors vary by location. Peptic ulcers are often linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with contributing factors such as tobacco use and high stomach acidity. Skin ulcers can result from impaired blood flow, trauma, chronic infection, diabetes, or prolonged pressure on the skin. Other systemic diseases, poor nutrition, and smoking can influence healing in multiple types of ulcers.

Symptoms depend on where the ulcer is located. GI ulcers typically cause epigastric or abdominal pain, sometimes with indigestion, nausea, or vomiting. Skin ulcers present as non-healing wounds with irregular edges and drainage. Mucosal ulcers, such as in the mouth, are often painful and may interfere with eating or speaking.

Diagnosis involves medical history, examination, and targeted tests. Endoscopy or imaging detects GI ulcers, and biopsy may rule out cancer. Tests for Helicobacter pylori, blood tests, and wound cultures may be used for non-gastrointestinal ulcers.

Treatment targets the underlying cause and promotes healing. GI ulcers may require stopping NSAIDs, eradicating H. pylori, and acid-suppressive therapy. Skin ulcers require proper wound care, infection control, debridement when needed, compression for venous ulcers, and management of associated conditions.

Prognosis depends on ulcer type and complications. Prevention focuses on avoiding risk factors, treating underlying infections, and providing appropriate wound care and chronic disease management.