schizofrenia

Schizophrenia, also referred to as schizofrenia in some languages, is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, and negative symptoms like reduced emotional expression or social withdrawal. Cognitive deficits are common.

Most people develop this condition in late adolescence or early adulthood. It affects about 0.3% to 0.7% of people at some point in their lives; prevalence is similar for men and women, though men often have earlier onset.

The causes are multifactorial: genetic vulnerability, neurobiological differences including dopaminergic signaling, and environmental factors such as urban upbringing, cannabis use, and prenatal stress or infection. Brain structure differences such as enlarged ventricles and reduced gray matter have been observed in some patients.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment using criteria from DSM-5 or ICD-11 after ruling out other conditions. Treatment is multidisciplinary: antipsychotic medications (typical or atypical) to control psychotic symptoms, and psychosocial therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis, family education, social skills training, and supported employment. Early intervention and adherence to treatment improve outcomes.

Prognosis varies. Some patients achieve substantial symptom relief and improved functioning with ongoing treatment, while others have persistent symptoms or relapses. Suicidality is a major concern, particularly early in illness. Management emphasizes ongoing treatment, relapse prevention, and support for daily functioning.