rheumatism

Rheumatism is a non-specific term historically used to describe conditions that affect joints, muscles, bones, and connective tissues. In modern medicine it is largely superseded by the term rheumatic diseases, an umbrella for many disorders with similar symptoms but different causes. The phrase persists in everyday language in some regions.

Rheumatic diseases include autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus; inflammatory diseases such as gout and psoriatic arthritis; degenerative and mechanical disorders such as osteoarthritis; and chronic pain syndromes like fibromyalgia. They may affect one joint or many and can present with localized or widespread symptoms. Common features are joint or muscle pain, stiffness (often in the morning), swelling, reduced range of motion, and fatigue.

Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and targeted tests, including inflammatory markers and autoantibodies, plus imaging such as X-ray, ultrasound, or MRI. A rheumatologist often leads assessment and management.

Management is diagnosis-specific but may include anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, disease-modifying therapies, and, in some conditions, biologic agents. Non-pharmacologic approaches such as physical therapy, exercise, weight management, and occupational adaptations are important. Patient education and self-management support are emphasized.

Prognosis varies widely by condition and severity. Some rheumatic diseases are chronic but manageable with treatment, enabling retained function and quality of life; others may progress despite therapy.