reindeers

Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, are a deer species adapted to Arctic and subarctic environments. In Eurasia they are commonly called reindeer, while in North America they are known as caribou. The species comprises several subspecies with widespread, sometimes fragmented, populations across northern Europe, Siberia, Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and adjacent islands. They are noted for seasonal migrations, large herd movements, and long-standing interactions with humans through indigenous herding and cultural practices.

Physiology and appearance: Reindeer have heavy bodies, relatively short legs, and broad hooves that function year-round but change shape with the seasons. Both males and females grow antlers, though males typically have larger ones; antlers are shed annually. Their coats shift from darker summer fur to lighter winter coloration, helping camouflage in snow. They are well adapted to cold climates and can navigate deep snow with limbs and hooves designed for traction and digging for food.

Behavior and ecology: Reindeer form seasonal herds and undertake long migrations to reach feeding areas rich in lichen, grasses, and shrubs. Lichens are especially important forage in winter, while other vegetation is consumed in warmer months. Calving usually occurs on predator-scarce grounds, and calves gain independence quickly. Predators include wolves and bears. Migration and foraging are influenced by day length, temperature, and snow cover, making them keystone grazers in northern ecosystems.

Humans and conservation: Reindeer have been domesticated for millennia by Indigenous peoples such as the Sámi, providing meat, milk, hides, and draft support. Wild populations remain ecologically significant but face pressures from climate change, habitat alteration, and hunting in some regions. Conservation status varies by population and region; some groups are stable, while others have experienced declines or habitat fragmentation.