caribou

Caribou, also known as reindeer in Eurasia, are a species of deer scientifically classified as Rangifer tarandus. They are native to the Arctic and subarctic regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Caribou are recognized for their significant migration patterns, traveling vast distances between their wintering and summering grounds to access food and suitable habitat.

These animals are characterized by their large size and distinctive features. Males generally develop impressive antlers that can span up to 1.5 meters (5 feet), which are shed and regrown annually. Females also grow antlers, usually smaller than those of males. Their thick double-layered coat provides insulation against extreme cold, with seasonal changes in fur color—ranging from light brown or gray in summer to nearly white in winter—helping with camouflage.

Caribou primarily feed on lichens, mosses, grasses, and shrubs, depending on seasonal availability. During migration, they travel across open tundra, often in large herds that can number from a few dozen to several hundred thousand animals. These migrations are among the most extensive of any terrestrial mammal, covering distances up to 5,000 kilometers (3,100 miles).

The species plays an essential role in indigenous cultures and ecosystems, providing food, clothing, and materials for tools and shelter. Historically, the population has faced threats from habitat loss, climate change, overhunting, and industrial development, leading to localized declines. Conservation efforts focus on habitat preservation and sustainable management practices to ensure the survival of caribou populations.

Caribou are a keystone species in Arctic ecosystems, influencing vegetation dynamics and serving as prey for predators like wolves and bears. Their adaptation to cold environments and migratory behaviors underscore their importance in maintaining the ecological balance of northern regions.