The main types of head injuries are concussions, subdural and epidural hematomas, skull fractures, and diffuse axonal injury. Concussions are brief losses of neurological function, while hematomas involve bleeding that can compress brain tissue. Skulls fractures can be linear or involve complex fragments and may be accompanied by intracranial bleeding.
Causes of head injuries include falls, motor vehicle collisions, sports‑related hits, assaults, and workplace accidents. Children are particularly susceptible to falls, whereas adults are more often affected by traffic crashes. In sports, contact sports such as football, hockey, and boxing carry a high risk of repeated head trauma.
Symptoms can vary widely and include headache, dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness, visual disturbances, vomiting, vomiting, and, in severe cases, seizures or coma. Long‑term sequelae may involve chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive deficits, mood disorders, and post‑concussion syndrome.
Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, imaging such as CT or MRI scans, and neuropsychological testing. Initial assessment follows the Glasgow Coma Scale and focused neurological examination. Subsequent imaging helps to rule out bleeding or fracture.
Treatment depends on severity. Mild concussions may require rest and gradual return to activity, whereas severe injuries often necessitate surgical intervention, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Monitoring for signs of increased intracranial pressure is crucial in hospitalized patients.
Prevention strategies emphasize protective gear, safe driving, cyclist helmets, fall prevention in the elderly, and adherence to sports safety protocols. Public education campaigns can reduce the incidence of head injuries by promoting helmet use, seat belt compliance, and awareness of concussion symptoms.