concussions

Concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a forceful impact to the body that transfers energy to the brain. It results in transient disturbance of brain function, which may include confusion, memory problems, and altered balance. Most concussions do not show a structural abnormality on standard imaging, but they involve functional changes in brain physiology.

Common causes include sports injuries, falls, car or motorcycle crashes, and assaults. Symptoms can appear within minutes or hours and may include physical signs such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and sensitivity to light or noise; cognitive symptoms such as slowed thinking, memory lapses, or confusion; and emotional or sleep-related symptoms such as irritability, mood changes, or trouble sleeping.

Diagnosis is clinical, based on the history of head trauma and symptom evaluation. Neurological examination is used to assess brain function. Imaging such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is typically reserved for cases with red flags or suspected bleeding or when symptoms worsen. Neuropsychological testing may be used in some settings to assess cognitive function and recovery.

Management emphasizes safety and gradual return to activity. Initial physical and cognitive rest is followed by a structured, stepwise return-to-play or return-to-learn protocol once symptoms have improved. Most individuals recover within days to weeks, but a subset experiences prolonged symptoms, known as post-concussion syndrome. Recurrent concussions during recovery or repeated head injuries may increase the risk of longer-term problems; chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a concern in some individuals with repetitive head trauma.

Prevention focuses on protective equipment, rule changes, safe play practices, fall prevention, and education about recognizing symptoms and seeking care.