prefrontal

Prefrontal refers to the anterior portion of the frontal lobes of the brain, commonly studied as the prefrontal cortex. It lies rostral to the motor and premotor regions and integrates cognitive and affective information to guide behavior. The term encompasses several subregions that work together to support higher-order functions.

Anatomy and subdivisions: The prefrontal cortex includes the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and the frontal pole (anterior prefrontal cortex). These areas show functional specialization but also extensive overlap. The DLPFC is linked to working memory and cognitive control, while the OFC and VMPFC are involved in reward processing, emotion regulation, and decision making. The frontal pole is associated with meta-cognition and complex planning.

Functions: The prefrontal cortex supports executive functions such as planning, problem solving, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory. It also contributes to emotion regulation, social behavior, judgment, and goal-directed behavior. Its activity reflects the integration of cognitive and affective information to adapt behavior to changing circumstances.

Development and plasticity: Prefrontal regions mature later than many other brain areas, with development extending into early adulthood. This maturation involves synaptic pruning and increased myelination. Experience and learning can modify connectivity and functional organization, contributing to individual differences in executive abilities.

Connectivity and networks: The prefrontal cortex maintains extensive connections with the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus), thalamus, basal ganglia, and various cortical areas. It participates in networks such as the fronto-parietal control network and interacts with the default mode network to support complex cognition.

Clinical relevance: Damage or developmental disruption can produce dysexecutive syndromes, affecting planning, flexibility, and social behavior. Alterations are observed in ADHD, mood and psychotic disorders, and autism. Noninvasive stimulation and targeted therapies are active areas of research.