petequias

Petequias, often written petechiae in English, are small reddish or purple non-blanching spots on the skin or mucous membranes caused by bleeding from superficial capillaries. They are typically 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter and do not fade when pressure is applied. Petequias are distinguished from larger purpura (3–10 mm) and ecchymoses (greater than 1 centimeter).

Causes of petequias are varied and can be broadly grouped into local trauma, infections, hematologic or vascular disorders, medications, and systemic diseases. Minor causes include persistent coughing, vomiting, or straining. Infections such as meningococcemia or other septic conditions can present with a petechial rash. Hematologic problems—especially thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction—vasculitis, coagulation disorders, nutritional deficiencies, and certain drugs (anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents) can also lead to petechiae. Petechiae are common in children during viral illnesses and may occur in newborns after birth trauma; in adults they may signal more serious disease.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by laboratory tests. A complete blood count to evaluate platelets, coagulation studies, and a peripheral smear are typical first steps. Blood cultures or imaging may be indicated if infection or internal bleeding is suspected.

When to seek urgent care: a rapid appearance of a widespread petechial or purpuric rash with fever, confusion, severe headache, neck stiffness, chest pain, shortness of breath, or signs of sepsis or shock. These findings require immediate medical evaluation to rule out life-threatening conditions such as meningococcemia or severe thrombocytopenia.

Management aims to treat the underlying cause. Mild cases may resolve with observation, while serious conditions require targeted therapies, such as antibiotics for infection or treatment of hematologic abnormalities. The prognosis depends on the underlying disorder.