newborns

Newborns are babies in the first 28 days after birth. They typically weigh about 2.5 to 4 kilograms and measure 45 to 55 centimeters at birth. In healthy term infants, Apgar scores commonly range from 7 to 10 at 1 and 5 minutes, indicating satisfactory heart rate, breathing, color, muscle tone, and reflex response.

During the first days, most newborns lose some weight, usually up to about 7–10% of birth weight, but they typically regain it within 1 to 2 weeks with regular feeding. If weight loss is greater or feeding seems difficult, medical advice should be sought. Many babies feed frequently and may appear sleepy or fussy between feeds; timely feeding supports growth and hydration.

Feeding and care: Breast milk is recommended as the exclusive milk for about six months, with continued breastfeeding alongside complementary foods thereafter. Newborns commonly feed every 2–3 hours. Signs of readiness to feed include rooting, sucking on fingers, and turning toward a breast or bottle. Formula feeding is a safe alternative when needed, following guidance from a pediatrician.

Safety and development: Skin-to-skin contact supports warmth and bonding. The umbilical cord stump dries and falls off within 1–2 weeks. For sleep, place the baby on the back in a bare crib with no loose bedding or soft objects to reduce the risk of SIDS. Vaccinations begin at birth according to local schedules.

Common concerns include jaundice, which can appear as yellowing of the skin or eyes in the first days. Seek care if yellowing worsens, feeding declines, or there is fever, trouble breathing, or dehydration.