passiveaggressiveness

Passive aggressiveness is a pattern of indirect resistance to direct confrontation, characterized by expressions of hostility that are disguised as compliance or indifference. Individuals who exhibit this behavior may appear cooperative while simultaneously undermining others through sarcasm, silent treatment, procrastination, or sabotage. Rather than confronting a conflict openly, they rely on subtle behaviors that convey displeasure or dissatisfaction.

The concept emerged in clinical psychology in the 1950s and later gained broader recognition in social psychology literature. It is often discussed with the related term “passive aggression,” and psychologists note that it can stem from personality traits such as high neuroticism or low assertiveness. Studies have linked passive aggressiveness to workplace dissatisfaction, strained interpersonal relationships, and increased stress levels.

In everyday settings, passive-aggressive behavior may manifest as a refusal to complete a task, providing incomplete information, or making dismissive comments that mask underlying resentment. While some experts suggest that cultural expectations of politeness may exacerbate such behavior, others argue that it reflects a learned coping mechanism when direct expression is viewed as risky.

Addressing passive aggressiveness typically involves open dialogue, training in assertiveness, and improving emotional communication skills. Therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy also target underlying beliefs that sustain avoidance of direct conflict. When left unrecognized, passive-aggressiveness can erode team cohesion and hinder problem‑solving processes. Appropriate interventions focus on fostering honest expression, clarifying expectations, and reducing ambiguity in communication.