resentment

Resentment is a complex, lingering emotion characterized by persistent anger, bitterness, and a sense of injustice arising from real or perceived wrongs. It evolves when hurt is not acknowledged or resolved, leading to rumination and negative judgments about others.

Causes can stem from chronic relational harm, breaches of trust, unequal power, perceived disrespect, or unaddressed grievances. Cognitive appraisals such as intentionality, controllability, and fairness shape resentment. It often co-occurs with guilt, shame, or envy.

Psychological and behavioral effects include being enduring and mood-affecting, contributing to hostility, withdrawal, or passive aggression. Resentment may impair decision making and contribute to relationship deterioration if left unchecked.

In social contexts, resentment can be interpersonal or collective, occurring within families, workplaces, or communities. It can sometimes legitimate demands for accountability but also hinder reconciliation and cooperation.

Coping and management typically involve acknowledging the hurt, communicating needs, and repairing or renegotiating boundaries. Therapeutic approaches include cognitive-behavioral strategies, forgiveness work, and conflict resolution. Forgiveness can reduce negative affect without requiring condoning the offense; closure is often pursued when dignity and needs are restored or acceptable alternatives are arranged.

Resentment is distinct from anger and envy, though related, differing primarily in its durability and focus on perceived injustice rather than an immediate stimulus.