mask

Mask is a covering worn over the face or part of it to conceal identity, protect the wearer, or serve ceremonial, theatrical, or artistic purposes. Masks are used across many cultures and eras for ritual, performance, disguise, or fashion, as well as for protection in medical, industrial, or domestic settings.

In medical and industrial contexts, protective masks include disposable surgical masks and respirators such as N95 or equivalent, which filter particles and restrict inhalation of harmful agents. Elastomeric respirators and powered air-purifying respirators offer reusable options with higher protection. Effectiveness depends on filtration, fit, and proper usage; standards and certification vary by country (for example ASTM F2100, EN 149, NIOSH).

In cultural contexts, masks are used in theatre, dance, and religious or folk traditions to portray characters, convey emotions, or symbolize spirits. Notable examples include Venetian carnival masks, Japanese Noh masks, African carved masks, and Mesoamerican ceremonial masks. Mask-making is often a craft with regional materials and techniques.

Historically, masks have appeared in ancient rituals and in periods of plague in Europe; during the 19th and 20th centuries, gas masks were developed for warfare and civil defense, leading to standardized designs for chemical, biological, and radiological protection.

Today masks are common for public health guidance in respiratory outbreaks, and for personal protection against pollution, wildfire smoke, or occupational hazards. Cultural masks continue to play a role in performance and tradition, while fashion masks have appeared in some contexts. Usage involves considerations of comfort, fit, and safety.