parasetamoli

Parasetamoli, also known as paracetamol or acetaminophen, is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic. It relieves mild to moderate pain such as headaches, toothache, and muscle aches, and reduces fever. It is not an anti-inflammatory medicine like many NSAIDs, and is often chosen when NSAIDs are unsuitable or contraindicated.

The mechanism of action is not fully understood. It is believed to act primarily in the central nervous system, inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the brain and affecting the hypothalamic heat-regulation center to lower fever. Its peripheral anti-inflammatory effects are minimal compared with NSAIDs.

Pharmacokinetics and safety: parasetamoli is administered orally or rectally. It is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in the liver, mainly by conjugation to glucuronide and sulfate metabolites, with a minor pathway producing a reactive metabolite (NAPQI). NAPQI is normally detoxified by glutathione. In overdose or in people with liver disease, glutathione stores can be depleted, leading to hepatotoxicity. An antidote, N-acetylcysteine, is effective if given early after overdose.

Dosing and limits: in adults, the typical maximum daily dose is 4,000 mg, divided into multiple doses every 4 to 6 hours, with lower limits for certain populations or liver impairment. It is especially important to avoid combining multiple paracetamol-containing products to prevent unintentional overdose. Chronic alcohol use or liver disease can lower the safe dosage.

Regulatory status and availability: parasetamoli is available over the counter in many countries in various forms, including tablets, capsules, suspensions, and suppositories, and is also found in combination products with other analgesics. It is generally considered safe during pregnancy when dosed correctly, but medical advice should guide use in specific conditions.