detoxified

Detoxified is the past participle of detoxify, describing a state or process in which a substance has been rendered less toxic or more readily eliminated by biological or chemical mechanisms. In biology and medicine, detoxification refers to the body's or an organism’s ability to neutralize and remove toxic compounds, and “detoxified” denotes substances that have undergone these processes.

In mammals, the liver is the principal organ responsible for detoxification, with support from the intestines, kidneys, lungs, and blood. Detoxification typically occurs in two phases. Phase I introduces or exposes functional groups through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis, often mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Phase II involves conjugation of the reactive intermediates with endogenous molecules such as glucuronide, sulfate, glutathione, or amino acids, increasing water solubility to promote excretion in urine or bile.

Examples include the metabolism of alcohol, where ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde and then to acetate, reducing toxicity risk by producing more easily excreted compounds. Many drugs undergo similar detoxification to form metabolites that are less active or inactive. Detoxification also applies to environmental toxins and various xenobiotics.

Limitations and variability exist. Detoxification efficiency depends on genetics, age, health, and exposure level; some metabolites can remain hazardous. Public claims about detox diets or rapid cures are not supported by scientific consensus. Detoxification is a normal, ongoing physiological process rather than a universal remedy.