orthopnoe
Orthopnoe, also spelled orthopnea, is a form of dyspnea that occurs when a person lies flat and is relieved by sitting up or standing. It is a common presenting symptom in conditions that cause fluid overload or impaired left ventricular function, most notably congestive heart failure. The condition reflects an increase in venous return and left-sided heart pressures when recumbent, leading to pulmonary congestion.
Causes and pathophysiology: Orthopnoe most often results from left heart failure or severe mitral valve disease,
Clinical features: Patients describe breathlessness that starts or worsens within minutes of lying flat and improves
Diagnosis and evaluation: Diagnosis relies on history and physical examination, supported by investigations. Chest imaging, echocardiography
Management: Treatment targets the underlying cause and may include diuretics to reduce preload, optimization of heart
Prognosis: Orthopnoe is a marker of significant cardiopulmonary dysfunction and often indicates advanced disease; response to