neuroma

Neuroma is a term used for growth or thickening of nerve tissue and is applied to several different conditions. In general, neuromas are usually benign, but they arise from nerve irritation, entrapment, or abnormal nerve regeneration rather than from a single disease. The specific condition and its management depend on the nerve involved and the underlying cause.

Common forms include plantar (Morton’s) neuroma, acoustic neuroma, and traumatic neuroma. Plantar neuroma refers to thickening or entrapment of a plantar digital nerve in the forefoot, typically between the third and fourth toes. Patients often report burning or sharp pain in the forefoot, sometimes with numbness, that worsens with walking. Diagnosis is based on history and examination and is supported by ultrasound or MRI. Treatment may begin with shoe modifications, orthotics, physical therapy, and corticosteroid injections; persistent cases may require surgical decompression or nerve resection.

Acoustic neuroma, more accurately called vestibular schwannoma, is a benign tumor arising from Schwann cells on the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). It commonly presents with unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems. Diagnosis is by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Management ranges from observation for small, slow-growing tumors to microsurgical removal or stereotactic radiosurgery, depending on size, growth rate, symptoms, and patient factors.

Traumatic neuroma occurs after nerve injury and is a painful nodule at the site of the nerve end. It is not a true tumor but a disorganized regrowth of nerve fibers. Treatment focuses on symptom control and may include conservative measures or surgical excision if pain is disabling.

Overall, neuromas are diverse conditions centered on nerve tissue changes, with treatment tailored to the specific type, location, and symptoms.