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National flags are official symbols used to represent a country or political entity. They are flown by government institutions, the military, and citizens, and are commonly displayed on public buildings, ships, and during national celebrations. Flags function as signals of sovereignty, identity, and unity, and appear in civil, state, and ceremonial forms.

The use of banners to identify groups dates back to ancient times, but the modern concept of a national flag emerged with standardized designs used at sea and in battles. The Danish Dannebrog, dating to around 1219, is often cited as one of the oldest still-used national flags.

Designs typically combine colors and symbols that reflect a country’s history, geography, or values. Nordic crosses appear in several European flags, while stars, suns, or coats of arms are common elsewhere. Color symbolism varies by culture but commonly evokes courage, justice, peace, and national heritage.

Many countries distinguish between a civil flag for civilian use, a state flag for government use, and an ensign for ships. Flag laws regulate adoption, modification, display, and etiquette, including hoisting times and respect during national mourning.

Vexillology is the scholarly study of flags. Experts encourage simple, distinctive designs with limited colors and no lettering or complex seals, to improve recognizability from a distance and in motion. Notable design principles were articulated by vexillologists such as Whitney Smith and Ted Kaye.

National flags serve as enduring symbols of statehood and national identity, while remaining subject to legal rules and evolving cultural narratives.