Vexillology

Vexillology is the scholarly study of flags. The term combines vexillum, Latin for flag, with logos or logy. The field encompasses history, symbolism, usage, design, manufacture, and protocol surrounding flags, and is distinct from vexillography, which refers more to the practical craft of flag production and design.

History and scope: Flags have been used for centuries as symbols of identity, authority, and allegiance. Modern vexillology developed as a distinct discipline in the 19th and 20th centuries, with scholars cataloging designs, meanings, and display conventions. The International Federation of Vexillological Associations (FIAV) coordinates international activities, conferences, and publications, while national flag societies and academic institutions contribute research and reference works.

Taxonomy and design: Vexillology classifies flags by purpose (national, civil, state, war, or government flags), by form (rectangular, swallow-tailed, pennant, etc.), and by elements such as field, canton, and hoist. Design study considers color schemes, proportions, emblems, and heraldic influences, as well as how flags conform to legal and ceremonial requirements. Symbolism in flags is culturally diverse and contextual, with meanings that evolve over time.

Usage and etiquette: Flags function as symbols of sovereignty, community, and shared history. Display, hoisting, half-masting, and other protocols vary by country and organization. Flags may be official emblems, decorative emblems, or historical artifacts, and their care and disposal are often governed by law or custom.

Notable aspects: The term vexillology was popularized in the 20th century by scholars such as Whitney Smith, who helped establish organizations and reference works that document flag designs and their meanings.