vexillography

Vexillography is the design and production of flags. It is generally regarded as the practical aspect of vexillology, the broader study of flags, their symbols, history, and use. Vexillography concentrates on the visual composition of a flag—color, proportion, patterns, and the manufacturability of fabrics—often for municipal, corporate, organizational, or national flags, banners, and ensigns.

Historically, flags originated as banners and insignia in ancient and medieval times. The modern practice of deliberate flag design grew with nation-states in the 18th through the 20th centuries, with emphasis on recognizability, symbolism, and ease of manufacture. Design principles are widely taught: keep design simple, use meaningful symbolism, limit color to two or three main hues, avoid lettering or intricate seals for small sizes, and ensure strong contrast from a distance.

Practitioners include professional vexillographers and hobbyists. They use vector tools to draft specifications, unit proportions, and color standards, and consider aspect ratios such as 2:3 or 3:5. Common patterns include simple tricolors, crosses, Nordic or saltire configurations, and stylized emblems that remain legible when scaled.

Organizations such as the International Federation of Vexillological Associations (FIAV) and national or regional vexillological societies (for example, the North American Vexillological Association, NAVA) document and promote best practices in flag design. Vexillography supports identity creation and cultural expression while encouraging sensitivity to existing flags and symbols.