mikroprocessors

A mikroprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) implemented on a single integrated circuit that executes instructions to perform general-purpose computation. It combines the core components of a CPU, such as the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers, and often includes caches and floating-point units on the same chip. By providing the processor with instructions and data from memory, a mikroprocessor carries out operations that control software and hardware in a computer or embedded system.

The first widely recognized mikroprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971, followed by successors such as the 8008 and 8080. These devices enabled the development of compact, affordable computers and laid the foundation for modern personal computers and embedded systems. Over time, processors evolved from 8-bit to 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit designs, with architectural innovations expanding performance, energy efficiency, and integrated features.

Typical mikroprocessor architectures organize instructions into an instruction set architecture (ISA) that defines how software communicates with hardware. ISAs can be categorized as complex instruction set computing (CISC) or reduced instruction set computing (RISC). Modern processors may implement advanced techniques such as pipelining, multiple execution units, out-of-order execution, and integrated memory management. Many processors also incorporate on-chip graphics, security features, and accelerators for specialized tasks.

Applications of mikroprocessors span personal computers, servers, and a wide range of embedded and consumer devices. The rise of system-on-a-chip designs combines microprocessors with memory, peripherals, and specialized accelerators on a single chip, enabling compact, power-efficient computing across diverse platforms.