Microcircuits encompass a range of ICs that integrate multiple transistors and passive components into a single chip. Small microcircuits emphasize miniaturization, aiming to deliver essential functionality with minimal footprint. They can take forms such as microcontrollers, digital signal processors, memory devices, or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that fit into tight enclosures or wearables.
The microcircuit concept emerged in the 1950s and 1960s with the invention of the integrated circuit, enabling multiple components to share a single substrate. Advances in process technology, such as shrinking feature sizes and planar fabrication, led to progressively smaller, more capable devices. The push for small, power-efficient ICs accelerated with mobile and embedded computing needs, giving rise to microcontrollers and ultra-compact sensors.
Design workflows include specification, schematic design, layout, verification, and tape-out. Fabrication relies on photolithography, thin-film deposition, and etching on silicon wafers, followed by packaging that protects and connects the die. For small footprints, advanced packaging, die-stacking, and 3D integration are common techniques to increase functionality without enlarging the physical size.
Small microcircuits are central to smartphones, wearables, automotive sensors, medical devices, and IoT nodes. They balance performance, area, and power to enable reliable operation in constrained environments.