meth

Methamphetamine, commonly referred to as meth, is a potent central nervous system stimulant in the phenethylamine class. It exists in several forms, including a powder (methamphetamine hydrochloride) and crystalline shards known as crystal meth. A prescription form (desoxyn) is available in some countries for certain medical uses, but it is generally avoided due to high abuse and dependence potential.

Medically, methamphetamine has been prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and, in some cases, obesity. However, due to its high potential for misuse, it is rarely used and heavily regulated. In many places, nonmedical use of meth is illegal and subject to criminal penalties.

Pharmacology and effects: methamphetamine increases the release of dopamine and blocks its reuptake in the brain, producing intense euphoria, heightened energy, increased focus, and reduced appetite. Onset and duration depend on the route of administration: oral, snorted, smoked, or injected, with effects ranging from hours to more prolonged experiences in some users. Common short-term effects include rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, hyperthermia, insomnia, and agitation.

Health risks and social impact: methamphetamine use carries a high risk of addiction and may lead to severe cardiovascular and neurological problems, cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and dental decay often called “meth mouth.” Long-term use can cause anxiety, paranoia, and psychosis. Injection carries risks of infectious diseases. Illicit production and distribution contribute to environmental hazards and criminal activity.

Treatment and harm reduction: There are no approved medications to treat meth use disorder; treatment emphasizes behavioral therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, contingency management, and motivational interviewing. Overdose requires urgent medical care, with management focusing on stabilizing the heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure, and addressing complications.