methamphetamine

Methamphetamine, also known as meth, crystal meth, or ICE, is a potent stimulant in the phenethylamine and amphetamine class. It occurs as a powder (methamphetamine hydrochloride) or a crystalline form (crystal meth). It is a controlled substance in most countries with a high potential for abuse and dependence. Methamphetamine increases dopamine and norepinephrine, and to a lesser extent serotonin, by promoting release and blocking reuptake, producing heightened alertness and euphoria.

Medical use: In some jurisdictions, methamphetamine is prescribed in very limited doses for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and occasionally for narcolepsy under brands such as Desoxyn. Its medical use is limited by abuse risk and potential neurotoxicity; nonprescribed use is illegal.

History and patterns of use: First synthesized in the late 19th century, methamphetamine gained military use in the 20th century and later became widely misused in civilian markets as crystal meth. Street meth is often manufactured illicitly in clandestine labs and distributed in various forms. Routes of administration include oral, snorting, smoking, or injection, with smoking or injection linked to rapid effects and higher addiction risk.

Health effects and risks: Acute effects include increased energy, wakefulness, decreased appetite, and euphoria. Prolonged use can cause insomnia, anxiety, paranoia, and psychosis. Chronic use is associated with cognitive impairment, memory problems, and motor issues; dental problems (meth mouth); cardiovascular complications; skin sores; and infections from injection. Withdrawal can cause fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbances. Overdose can be life-threatening.

Legal status and treatment: Methamphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States and is regulated under international drug-control treaties in many countries. Treatment options include behavioral therapies and medications to manage withdrawal or co-occurring disorders. Public health approaches emphasize prevention, testing, education, and access to treatment and harm-reduction services.